Citrus Swallowtail Butterfly Care Guide (Papilio Species)

This care guide focuses on Citrus Swallowtail butterflies, but the methods described here can be applied to most other Swallowtail (Papilionidae) species using the appropriate host plants. Swallowtails are rewarding to rear, highly active, and offer fascinating behaviour at every life stage.

Egg Care

Citrus Swallowtail eggs should be kept in a closed plastic container to prevent drying out. They begin as a yellow or cream colour, gradually darkening to almost black as the caterpillar develops inside. When the egg turns black, hatching typically occurs within a day or two.

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Important egg-care tips

  • Keep eggs in a closed and humid plastic container, but never leave them wet.
  • Do not add leaves before hatching — fresh leaves release moisture and can cause mould, which easily kills Swallowtail eggs.
  • Once caterpillars hatch, move them to a new container with fresh host plant leaves and keep the environment lightly ventilated to avoid condensation buildup as this can drown larvae.

When the larvae are in L2 or 3 and feeding well, you can transfer them to a mesh cage or a larger plastic container. Swallowtails also thrive on living host plants if you have potted citrus or choisya - even better in a greenhouse - which can greatly improve growth and reduce daily maintenance.

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Young Citrus Swallowtail caterpillars in L2/3

In the first few stages of life, most Citrus Swallowtails resemble bird droppings - an excellent disguise to avoid the attention of predators like birds!

Host Plants for Citrus Swallowtail Caterpillars

Citrus Swallowtail caterpillars will feed on a variety of plants in the Rutaceae family, including:

  • Choisya
  • Skimmia
  • Citrus (Lemon, Lime, Orange, etc.)
  • Phellodendron
  • Zanthoxylum
  • Ruta
  • Other related shrubs and trees

Choisya and Skimmia are especially convenient for UK keepers because they are widely sold as ornamental plants and commonly found in gardens. They grow well outdoors and provide an abundant, pesticide-free food supply.

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Different Stages of Development

This image illustrates the marked difference between younger and older larvae, with the final instar larvae acquiring a green colouration and black patterning.

Caterpillar Development

Swallowtail caterpillars go through several distinct stages (instars).

  • The first few instars resemble bird droppings, a clever camouflage strategy.
  • Later stages in most species become green before pupation.
  • When threatened, caterpillars may extend a forked orange osmeterium gland, releasing a scent that deters predators. This behaviour is harmless to humans and uncommon in captivity.

Under suitable temperatures, caterpillars grow rapidly and reach full size in 4-5 weeks.

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Mature Larva

This caterpillar has reached its full size and is close to pupation. It has finished feeding and will soon begin to search for a suitable pupation site, either on the host plant stems or the sides/roof of its enclosure.

Pupation

Unlike many butterflies that hang freely to pupate, Swallowtail caterpillars construct a silk sling that holds their body upright against a plant stem or enclosure wall. Once secured, they shed their final larval skin and form a chrysalis.

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Pupae care

  • If you have reared them yourself, itt is best to leave pupae where they form—they are stable and do not require relocation. Monitor conditions to ensure they are appropriate
  • Normal room temperature is ideal.
  • Light misting once daily helps prevent the pupae from becoming too dry.
  • Avoid disturbing pupae, especially in the days leading up to emergence.

If you have ordered pupae and received them from us in the post, we recommend following the methods outlined in our care guide for pupae - a polystyrene box is always best.

Adult butterflies usually emerge in about 3 weeks, depending on temperature. Individual patterns and colours may vary widely—one of the most enjoyable parts of rearing swallowtails.

Adult Butterfly Care

Adult Swallowtails are easy to maintain for short periods before release. They require:

  • A spacious, well-ventilated enclosure - a 60cm enclosure is ideal for 10 adults
  • Access to nectar or sugar-water - though they will require hand feeding unless kept in a naturalistic enclosure like a greenhouse
  • Lighting to simulate a day/night cycle - a sunny location or LED UV lighting are both suitable

For detailed instructions on feeding and maintaining adults, refer to our Adult Butterfly Care Guide.

Swallowtails are energetic butterflies and particularly enjoyable to observe as they fly, feed, and explore their environment. This is an extensive family of butterflies with many variable species - see below for some of our Citrus Swallowtails from the butterfly farm:

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Japanese Swallowtail

Papilio dehaani

Yellow Mormon

Papilio lowii

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Blue Banded Swallowtail

Papilio nireus

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Common Mormon

Papilio polytes

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Green Banded Swallowtail

Papilio phorcas

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Giant Swallowtail

Papilio cresphontes

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Scarlet Mormon

Papilio rumanzovia

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Yellow Mormon

Papilio lowii

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Torquatus Swallowtail

Papilio torquatus

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Common Lime

Papilio demoleus

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Mocker Swallowtail

Papilio dardanus

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Emerald Swallowtail

Papilio palinurus

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African Lime

Papilio demodocus