Three-Tailed Tiger Swallowtail | Papilio pilumnus PUPAE

Papilio pilumnus, commonly known as the Three-tailed Tiger Swallowtail, is a large butterfly in the family Papilionidae. Native to Central America and parts of North America, particularly in Mexico and the southern United States, this species is admired for its elegant appearance and distinctive tail-like extensions.

The Three-tailed Tiger Swallowtail has a wingspan of approximately 75–100 mm. Its coloration is primarily black, with yellow or cream bands forming striking patterns across its wings. The hindwings are adorned with three prominent tail-like extensions, which give the butterfly its common name. These tails, along with the vibrant blue and orange markings on the hindwings, make it a visually impressive species.

The body of the butterfly is streamlined, with a black thorax and abdomen featuring subtle white or yellowish stripes. Males and females have similar appearances, though females are often slightly larger and males have a more angular wing shape.

Papilio pilumnus is found in a variety of habitats, including tropical and subtropical forests, scrublands, and savannas. Its range includes: Mexico; Southern United States (primarily in Texas, Arizona, and occasionally New Mexico); Parts of Central America, extending to Honduras and Nicaragua. This butterfly is often observed in areas with abundant host plants and nectar sources, such as gardens and forest edges.

The Three-tailed Tiger Swallowtail is diurnal and an active flier. It is often seen feeding on nectar from flowers such as lantana, bougainvillea, and other brightly colored plants. Males are territorial and can be observed patrolling areas in search of females or chasing other males away.

The larvae feed on plants in the Laurel family, particularly Avocado and related plants. Caterpillars are green with white or yellowish markings and may resemble bird droppings in their early stages, providing effective camouflage. As they mature, the caterpillars develop an enlarged thorax and resemble small snakes, complete with eyespot-like markings, to deter predators.

Pupation occurs in an upwards-facing chrysalis that is attached to a branch or leaf. The chrysalis is well-camouflaged, resembling a dead leaf or twig, and the duration of this stage varies depending on environmental conditions - they are capable of a long diapause when weather is unfavourable for breeding, e.g. too hot/cold or dry.

Host plants: Laurels, Avocado

Difficulty: Easy to hatch out and care for (1/10); breeding in captivity may be challenging.

Conditions: Enjoys warmth and sunshine; pupae require humidity to emerge properly.

Lifecycle: Generally continually brooded when weather allows, however pupae can go into dormancy.