Owl butterflies are a group of large, striking butterflies in the subfamily Brassoliidae within the family Nymphalidae. They are primarily found in Central and South America. The name "owl butterfly" comes from the distinctive, eye-like patterns on their wings, which resemble the eyes of an owl or other large predators. These eye spots are thought to serve as a defense mechanism, deterring potential predators by making the butterfly appear larger or threatening.
Some of the most famous owl butterflies in the Caligo genus include species like Caligo atreus, Caligo memnon, and Caligo eurilochus. These butterflies are known for their large size, with wingspans reaching up to 15 cm or more - easily the size of a human hand! Their wings are typically brown or gray, adorned with circular eye spots, and sometimes feature additional patterns that mimic the texture of tree bark or leaves. This coloration helps them blend into their environment, resting on tree trunks or large leaves where they are hard to spot. Each species has its own pattern and colour form.
The caterpillars begin green and become brown in the later stages, and feed on a variety of plants in the Banana family. Once they reach adulthood, owl butterflies are known to be active mostly at dawn and dusk and spend much of the day resting on tree trunks or other vertical surfaces with their wings closed.
Despite their impressive defense mechanisms and camouflage, owl butterflies are not immune to threats like habitat loss due to deforestation and climate change. They are, however, fascinating examples of natural adaptation and are highly admired by butterfly enthusiasts. They are also known to become pests on Banana plantations within their natural range.
